Machinations and Paradigms: A Multi-Dimensional Algorithmic Discourse on Dow Jones Futures Amidst Looming Federal Uncertainty
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Machinations and Paradigms: A Multi-Dimensional Algorithmic Discourse on Dow Jones Futures Amidst Looming Federal Uncertainty

Greetings once again. As we navigate through this labyrinth of macroeconomic exigencies and market variables, let us reengage with Dow Jones Futures, an asset currently enshrouded in a tapestry of algorithmic and fundamental enigmas.

Advanced Algorithmic Indicators: A Bayesian Perspective

Our Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS) #6 not only renders conventional trend-following indicators but also introduces a Bayesian probabilistic framework, optimizing our inferential capacity. The Bullish Long-Term, Medium-Term, and Short-Term Trends (LTT, MTT, STT) existing in concert with a Bearish Micro Trend (MT) induce a superposition state, requiring a quantum interpretation of market behaviors.

The Geometry of Market Parameters

The cartography of buy and sell signals, as laid out in our earlier analysis, orchestrates itself into a n-dimensional space, where axes range from EMA Zones to Global HAS candles. Traversing this geometrical manifold provides a holistic trading decision calculus, which has been parameterized to identify transitional market states and exploit arbitrage opportunities.

Spectral Analysis of Market Waves: A Fourier Transformation

By applying Fourier transformations, the oscillatory patterns between the market’s swing highs and lows can be deconstructed into their constituent frequencies. This reveals a fractal structure, governing the asset price movements and offering a mathematical handle on market cyclicality.

The Stochastic Calculus and Exotic Options

Employing stochastic calculus enables us to price various exotic options, thereby paving a path for strategies that incorporate both market direction and volatility. This dovetails perfectly with our advanced algorithmic metrics like ADX, RSI, and the Stochastic Oscillator, providing a confluence of qualitative and quantitative insights.

About the Author

Dr. Glen Brown, a preeminent figure in the sphere of financial engineering and algorithmic trading, serves as the cornerstone of Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc. Both entities amalgamate Accountancy, Finance, Investments, Trading, and Technology into a Global Multi-Asset Class Professional Proprietary Trading Firm. Note: The firm neither offers products or services to the general public nor accepts clients or external funds.

Risk Disclaimer:

This commentary and any trading ideas expressed herein are solely for educational and informational purposes. Trading involves substantial risks, including complete possible loss of capital and other losses, and is not suitable for everyone. No representation is being made that these products, and any associated advice or training, will guarantee profits or not result in losses from trading. All trading decisions should be made by the individual investor and/or in consultation with a certified financial advisor.

Navigating the Bearish Wave: An In-Depth Look at Soybean Futures
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Riding the Bearish Tides: My Insights on Soybean Futures

Overview on Soybean Futures

As a financial instrument reflective of one of the most widely grown and traded crops globally, Soybean futures offer a vibrant playground for traders and investors alike. These futures serve as both a speculator’s dream and a hedging tool against the unpredictable tides of the agricultural markets. As an economic staple and a crop with various uses—from animal feed to biofuel—the dynamics of Soybean futures provide invaluable insights into broader market conditions.

Soybean futures have always intrigued me as one of the world’s most traded crops, acting as a litmus test for global market conditions. With the current price floating at $1338.25, I can’t help but lean bearish, especially when my trusty Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS) #6 echoes my sentiment.

Observing the Trends

Every time I analyze the market, I make it a ritual to go through various timeframes:

  • Long Term Trend (LTT): It’s looking bearish.
  • Medium Term Trend (MTT): Again, bearish.
  • Short Term Trend (STT): Still bearish.
  • Micro Trend (MT): And predictably, bearish.

Deciphering the Sell Signals

There’s an art and science behind my every move. The system I trust gives the nod for a sell order on Soybean futures when:

  • The EMA Zones paint a clear Bearish Market Structure.
  • Those trusty Global HAS candles show a fiery red.
  • The DAATS hovers gracefully above the candles.
  • Time Bars for M240, M1440, and M10080 shine a daunting red.
  • The Global I-Trend’s Green Line takes a dip below the Red.
  • The Global ADX feels adventurous, surpassing 20, now poised at 29.05.
  • And, the GMACD(4,22,3) indicators sing in unison about a downward journey.

Guarded by the Indicators

With an RSI at 32.14 and a Stochastic Oscillator hinting 31.38, I feel like a captain steering his ship with a clear vision amidst a foggy sea.

Playing Safe with Risks

I’ve placed my Stop Loss strategically at $1429.63, providing me a safety net above the last significant swing high of $1408. This isn’t just about numbers; it’s about years of understanding the subtle ebbs and flows of the market.

In this vast ocean of trading, my compass points towards a bearish horizon for Soybean futures. It’s an exciting voyage, and I’m prepared for the tides that lie ahead.

About the Author: Dr. Glen Brown

With over 25 years in the world of finance and accounting, I am Dr. Glen Brown, the President & CEO of both Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc. Armed with a Ph.D. in Investments and Finance, I am also a Chief Financial Engineer, Head of Trading & Investments, Chief Data Scientist, and a Senior Lecturer. My guiding philosophy emphasizes transformation and rebirth, urging me to constantly seek innovation and personal growth.

🛑 Risk Disclaimer: The inherent risk of trading should not be taken lightly. Ensure to only risk capital that you can afford to lose and consult with a certified financial advisor before making any investment decisions. 🛑

Unveiling the Future of Algorithmic Trading: The Global Universal Spectrum Strategy (GUSS)
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Unveiling the Future of Algorithmic Trading: The Global Universal Spectrum Strategy (GUSS)

Introduction

In the contemporary world of finance, Algorithmic Trading has become a powerful tool for maximizing returns and minimizing risks. It leverages mathematical models and advanced computing techniques to execute trades at speeds and frequencies that a human trader cannot match. For proprietary trading firms like Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc., algorithmic trading isn’t just a method; it’s a cornerstone for business innovation. This article dives into one of the most groundbreaking algorithmic approaches developed by Dr. Glen Brown, the Global Universal Spectrum Strategy (GUSS).

The New Era of Algorithmic Trading

Algorithmic Trading, at its core, is a marriage between finance and technology. It involves creating algorithms to execute trading orders based on pre-set rules or conditions, frequently at a pace that is impossible for human traders. Algorithms can process volumes of data and execute trades in milliseconds, thus providing a competitive advantage in today’s fast-moving markets.

At proprietary trading firms like Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc., algorithmic trading serves multiple purposes. First, it allows for risk diversification across a range of financial products and geographic regions. Secondly, algorithms can be fine-tuned to adapt to market conditions in real-time, thus creating a dynamic trading environment.

Enter GUSS: The Global Universal Spectrum Strategy

Developed by Dr. Glen Brown, a leading professional in finance and accounting with over 25 years of experience, GUSS represents a seismic shift in the way we perceive and engage with markets. This strategy leverages an intricate system known as the Dynamic Adaptive ATR Trailing Stop (DAATS) to gauge market volatility and set stop-loss levels. Using advanced computational methods like Fibonacci-based scaling and fractal constants, GUSS adapts to various timeframes, ensuring that it’s universally applicable.

Why GUSS?

  1. Universal Applicability: It works across multiple timeframes, making it a versatile strategy for traders dealing with diverse portfolios.
  2. Risk Management: GUSS employs a risk-percentage model tailored to each timeframe, thereby ensuring that the maximum portfolio risk stays within professional trading norms.
  3. Automation: All these sophisticated calculations and real-time adjustments are fully automated by Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS), reducing the need for manual intervention and letting traders focus on strategy.

Components of GUSS

  1. Dynamic Adaptive ATR Trailing Stop (DAATS): This system uses the Average True Range (ATR) with a fixed period and adjusts the multiplier based on prevailing market conditions. It offers a balance between safeguarding capital and allowing enough room for trades to breathe.
  2. Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS): This automated system takes care of the intricate calculations involved in GUSS, ensuring that the strategy adapts in real-time to market changes.
  3. Risk-to-Reward Ratio and Position Sizing: GUSS incorporates a favorable 3:1 risk-to-reward ratio and adjusts position sizes based on the risk percentages assigned to each timeframe. This provides a harmonious trading experience across various timeframes.

GUSS in Real-world Applications

When applied to live trading, GUSS shows remarkable consistency across different timeframes. By adhering to market fractals and utilizing a dynamic trailing stop, it minimizes premature stop-loss triggers and maximizes profitability. It incorporates risk management through dynamic ATR multipliers and risk percentages, ensuring the portfolio stays within a maximum risk of 2.24%—an acceptable risk for most professional traders.

The Future of Algorithmic Trading

The Global Universal Spectrum Strategy (GUSS) embodies the future of algorithmic trading by marrying advanced mathematical models with human intuition and experience. Dr. Glen Brown’s expertise and unique philosophical approach have created a culture of innovation and success, shaping the future of trading strategies.

Conclusion

For firms like Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc., the GUSS model represents the apex of modern trading, blending algorithmic precision with the versatility to adapt to real-world conditions. With GUSS, we’re not just looking at a strategy; we’re looking at the future of algorithmic trading.

With innovation at its core and practicality in its design, GUSS is set to revolutionize the way traders and firms approach financial markets. So, as we consume ourselves in the pursuit of transformation and rebirth, we discover in GUSS a tool that embodies these very principles.

About the Author: Dr. Glen Brown, Ph.D.

Dr. Glen Brown is no ordinary figure in the labyrinthine world of finance, trading, and academic scholarship. As President & CEO of the Global Accountancy Institute, Inc. and Global Financial Engineering, Inc., he is a paradigm of leadership in the complex interplay of accountancy, finance, strategic risk management, and cutting-edge technology.

Holding a Ph.D. in Investments and Finance, Dr. Brown is the intellectual cornerstone and the driving force behind a global multi-asset class professional proprietary trading firm. His extensive quarter-century experience spans the gamut from financial accounting and investments to risk management and strategic planning.

Beyond his executive roles, Dr. Brown holds the esteemed titles of Chief Financial Engineer, Head of Trading & Investments, Chief Data Scientist, and Senior Lecturer in a plethora of financial disciplines. He is not just an expert but a thought leader, deeply committed to pushing the boundaries of theoretical knowledge and its practical application.

His guiding philosophy speaks volumes about his approach to both life and work: “We must consume ourselves in order to transform ourselves for our rebirth. We are blessed with subtlety, creative imaginations, and outstanding potential to attain spiritual enlightenment, transformation, and regeneration.”

This philosophical wisdom manifests in his dedication to innovation and a relentless pursuit of excellence. Through a unique blend of financial acumen, technological prowess, and transformative thinking, Dr. Glen Brown is indeed redefining the future of finance and investments. His work serves as an expansive canvas of creativity and success, making him not just a leader but a visionary in his field.

Risk Disclaimer

This article is intended for informational purposes only and should not be construed as financial or investment advice. The strategies, methods, and practices described within are the opinion of the author and are not guaranteed to produce profitable outcomes. Investing and trading in financial markets carry inherent risks, and it is possible to lose all of your invested capital.

Past performance is not indicative of future results. It is crucial to conduct your own due diligence and consult with a certified financial advisor before engaging in any investment or trading activities.

Algorithmic trading and the use of sophisticated financial strategies like Global Universal Spectrum Strategy (GUSS) have their own set of risks and challenges. These include but are not limited to technological issues, potential algorithmic flaws, and market risks that can significantly impact your investment. You should be aware of these risks and be financially capable of undertaking such risks before engaging in algorithmic trading.

Neither the author nor Global Accountancy Institute, Inc., nor Global Financial Engineering, Inc., shall be responsible or liable for any loss or damage, directly or indirectly, caused by the use of the information or strategies discussed in this article.

By reading this article, you agree to indemnify and hold harmless the author, Global Accountancy Institute, Inc., and Global Financial Engineering, Inc., against any and all losses, claims, damages, and liabilities related to or arising out of the use of information within this article.

Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS) Methodology for Bitcoin: A Comprehensive Financial Market Analysis
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Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS) Methodology for Bitcoin: A Comprehensive Financial Market Analysis

By Dr. Glen Brown

Introduction

Bitcoin, once a fledgling digital asset, has matured into a complex and multi-faceted financial product, drawing attention from retail investors to institutional desks. However, its inherently volatile nature and rapid price shifts demand a comprehensive and adaptive trading methodology. Enter the Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS), a dynamic system designed to offer a multi-dimensional view of market conditions and adapt in real-time.

The GATS Framework

Temporal Horizon and Trend Classification

Incorporated within GATS is a sophisticated approach to trend classification across various time bars: from Micro (M240) to Long Term Trends (M43200). The system identifies these trends as either bullish, bearish, or neutral, serving as the backdrop against which trade setups are evaluated.

Exponential Moving Average (EMA) Zones

GATS employs a unique EMA zonal structure that spans from Momentum Zones to Long-term Trend Zones. These zones serve as both dynamic support and resistance levels, as well as indicators of market sentiment.

Dynamic Adaptive ATR Trailing Stop (DAATS) System

The DAATS System within GATS uses a universal ATR period and a fractal constant to adapt dynamically to market conditions. This multi-timeframe system is carefully calibrated to allow traders to set optimal stop-loss levels.

Risk Allocation per Timeframe

GATS incorporates a risk management framework that assigns a specific percentage risk per trade, scaled to the timeframe under consideration. These risk settings range from conservative to aggressive, thereby catering to different risk profiles.

Bitcoin Market Analysis using GATS

Current Market Conditions

As of the most recent data, Bitcoin trades at $25,823.80, with its all-time high at $67,149.19 and the lowest price since that peak at $15,443.21. The GATS system points to a bullish Long-Term Trend (LTT) but shows bearish trends for shorter timeframes.

Multi-Timeframe Analysis

  • Long-Term Trend (LTT): Despite the bullish outlook, Bitcoin’s price currently resides in the Correction Zone. This could mean a potential pullback or a consolidation phase before a resumption of the upward trend.
  • Medium to Short-Term Trends: These are bearish, with Bitcoin trading below the long-term EMAs, notably in the M10080 and M1440 time bars.

ADX Readings and Trend Strength

With ADX values of 26.80 on M1440 and 26.69 on M240, both timeframes show a strong trend—albeit in the bearish direction. This offers an opportunity for traders to either short sell Bitcoin or employ hedging strategies.

Trading Strategies and Execution Guidance

For Short-Selling

  1. Entry Strategy: Employ the Fast Daily MACD (6,19,9) for entry confirmation, ideally when the asset trades in the Momentum Zone in the Micro Trend (M240).
  2. Stop Loss: Use the DAATS system to dynamically set stop-loss levels, adhering to the predefined risk settings as per GATS.

For Long Positions (Contrarian Approach)

  1. Entry Strategy: Look for bullish reversals within the Correction Zone on the Long Term Trend (M43200).
  2. Stop Loss: Use the DAATS system to set a more conservative stop-loss, given the bearish medium-term trends.

Conclusion

The GATS system, when applied to Bitcoin, presents a nuanced and multi-dimensional approach to market analysis. Traders can harness its real-time adaptability and multi-timeframe analysis to make informed decisions, whether they lean towards short-selling due to the bearish short-term signals or take a contrarian long approach based on long-term bullishness.

Disclaimer

The information presented in this analysis is for educational and informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice. Market conditions can change rapidly, and past performance is not indicative of future results. Always perform your own due diligence and consult with a financial advisor before making any trading decisions.

Detailed Disclaimer

General Information

The financial market commentary and trade execution guidance provided in this analysis are purely for educational and informational purposes. They are not intended to serve as financial, investment, or any other type of advice. The analysis utilizes the Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS) methodology, which is a complex system incorporating various indicators and algorithms. While the analysis aims to offer a comprehensive view of market conditions, various risks and uncertainties are inherent in any trading or investment activities.

No Guarantees

Past performance of any trading system, methodology, or particular trader is not indicative of future results. Trading cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, involves a high degree of risk and may result in the loss of some or all your investment. Market conditions can change rapidly, and no guarantees are offered about the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the information presented.

Liability

Neither the author, Dr. Glen Brown, nor any affiliated parties shall be held liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, or incidental damages arising out of or in connection with the use of this analysis, the GATS methodology, or any linked resources.

Due Diligence

It is the responsibility of the reader to conduct their own thorough research and consult with qualified financial advisors before making any trading or investment decisions. Utilize multiple sources of information to make well-informed decisions.

Acknowledgment of Risks

By engaging with this analysis, you acknowledge and accept the risks involved in trading and investing in financial markets. You also acknowledge that you understand the complexity of the GATS methodology and are solely responsible for any actions taken based on this analysis.

The New Era of Trading: How Global Accountancy Institute and Global Financial Engineering Revolutionize the World of Finance, Investment, and Technology
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The New Era of Trading: How Global Accountancy Institute and Global Financial Engineering Revolutionize the World of Finance, Investment, and Technology

Introduction

As we enter a new era of financial innovation, the Global Accountancy Institute and Global Financial Engineering (GAI & GFE) are leading the charge to transform the world of accountancy, finance, investments, trading, and technology. By developing a global multi-asset class professional proprietary trading firm powered by Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS), they aim to revolutionize the industry for a special group of Global Intra-Day Traders, Global Swing Traders, and Global Position Traders. Dr. Glen Brown, the President and CEO of GAI & GFE, has been instrumental in guiding these changes and advocating for a more integrated and technologically advanced trading landscape.

Bridging the Gap: Accountancy, Finance, Investments, Trading, and Technology

Under Dr. Brown’s leadership, GAI & GFE have been successful in creating a unique ecosystem that merges the worlds of accountancy, finance, investments, trading, and technology. This collaborative environment is designed to provide traders with cutting-edge tools and resources that enable them to excel in a rapidly changing global market.

Dr. Brown emphasizes the importance of this integration: “By bridging the gap between these critical areas, we are empowering traders to make informed decisions, manage risk effectively, and ultimately, maximize their returns in the global marketplace.”

The Power of GATS: Unlocking the Potential of Algorithmic Trading

The core component of GAI & GFE’s revolutionary approach to trading is the Global Algorithmic Trading Software (GATS). This advanced platform leverages machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics to streamline the trading process, allowing traders to make more informed decisions and execute trades with greater speed and accuracy.

Dr. Brown elaborates on the value of GATS: “Our cutting-edge Global Algorithmic Trading Software enables traders to harness the full potential of technology, taking their trading strategies to new heights. GATS not only improves efficiency, but also provides traders with valuable insights and analysis that can significantly impact their trading performance.”

Creating a New Breed of Global Multi-Asset Class Traders

The combined expertise of GAI & GFE has fostered the development of a new breed of traders, skilled in navigating the complexities of multiple asset classes. These Global Intra-Day Traders, Global Swing Traders, and Global Position Traders are equipped to handle the challenges of an increasingly interconnected and dynamic financial landscape.

As Dr. Brown states, “Our goal is to develop well-rounded traders who can adapt to shifting market conditions, capitalize on emerging opportunities, and thrive in the world of multi-asset class trading.”

Conclusion

The collaboration between the Global Accountancy Institute and Global Financial Engineering has proven to be a game-changer in the world of finance, investments, trading, and technology. Their innovative approach, led by Dr. Glen Brown, has successfully bridged the gap between these disciplines, creating an ecosystem in which traders can excel. With the help of GATS and a focus on multi-asset class trading, GAI & GFE are ushering in a new era of financial innovation that will undoubtedly shape the future of trading.

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 Global Hybrid Forex Trading Strategy(GHFTS) executed on the Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)-System#0-#8

The Global Hybrid Forex Trading Strategy(GHFTS) is a trend following strategy that was developed by Dr. Glen Brown. The strategy is executed on the  Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS) using its nine(9) sub-systems from the Based system to system #8. 

Global Hybrid Forex Trading Strategy  trade in the direction of the Micro, Short, Medium, and Long Term trends using Global Algorithmic Trading Systems(GATS)#0, #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, 6, #7, and #8.
This account is for research purposes and hence should not be deemed as investment advice.

Global Algorithmic Trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume. This type of trading attempts to leverage the speed and computational resources of computers relative to human traders.

Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)-System #0 to System #8 uses computer codes and chart analysis to enter and exit trades according to to set parameters such as price movements or volatility levels. Once the current market conditions match any predetermined criteria within the software, the trading algorithms will execute a buy or sell order on our behalf.

Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)-System #0 to System #8 runs on MetaTrader 4, the most popular trading platform in the world. MetaTrader 4 is an advanced trading platform that gives you access to a range of tools and features to help you carry out analysis and customize your trading experience.

Main Features of the Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)

**Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)-System #0 to #8 is used to execute our trading decisions in over 60 countries worldwide
**Global Algorithmic Trading Software(GATS)-Systems #0 to #8 can be used for Equities, Futures, Commodities, Options, Bonds, Currencies, and mutual funds
**Volatility Based Risk Management System
**Volatility-Based Position Sizing Management System

In this research, we will combine all nine(9) subsystems and apply the strategy to 7 major forex currency pairs. Majors are generally the most popular type of currency pair to trade.

The most traded forex pairs at Global Financial Engineering and Global Accountancy Institute.

*EUR/USD (euro/US dollar)
*GBP/USD (British pound/US dollar)
*USD/JPY (US dollar/Japanese yen)
*USD/CHF (US dollar/Swiss franc)
*USD/CAD (US dollar/Canadian dollar)
*AUD/USD (Australian dollar/US dollar)
*NZD/USD (New Zealand Dollar/US dollar)

Let us track our trades for the Global Hybrid Forex Trading Strategy(GHFTS) and analyze them in order to create a  successful transition and operational excellence using the above currency pairs.

As at December 21, 2022, We have decided to use a Hard Stop Loss and an initial trailing stop given by one to 8 times the Daily Average True range(DATR) with a risk of 0.1 % to 0.8% per trade. We will also activate a normal trailing stop given by 12.5% of the initial risk. Our profit target is three times the initial risk.

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Open Trades

Trading Risk Disclaimer

Trading foreign exchange on margin carries a high level of risk, and may not be suitable for all investors. The high degree of leverage can work against you as well as for you. Before deciding to trade foreign exchange you should carefully consider your investment objectives, level of experience, and risk appetite. The possibility exists that you could sustain a loss of some or all of your initial investment and therefore you should not invest money that you cannot afford to lose. You should be aware of all the risks associated with foreign exchange trading, and seek advice from an independent financial advisor if you have any doubts.

Futures trading involves the potential for a substantial risk of loss as well as substantial gains and is not suitable for every investor. The highly leveraged nature of futures trading means that small market movements will have a great impact on your trading account and this can work against you, leading to large losses, or can work for you, leading to large gains. If the market moves against you, you may sustain a total loss greater than the amount you deposited into your account.

You are responsible for all the risks and financial resources you use and for the chosen trading system. You should not engage in trading unless you fully understand the nature of the transactions you are entering into and the extent of your exposure to loss. If you do not fully understand these risks you must seek independent advice from your financial advisor. All trading strategies are used at your own risk. It is your responsibility to confirm and decide which trades to make. Trade only with risk capital; that is, trade with money that, if lost, will not adversely impact your lifestyle and your ability to meet your financial obligations.

U.S. Government Required Disclaimer – Commodity Futures Trading Commission. Futures and options trading has large potential rewards, but also large potential risks. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to accept them in order to invest in the futures and options markets. Don’t trade with money you can’t afford to lose. This is neither a solicitation nor an offer to Buy/Sell futures. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this website. The past performance of any trading system or methodology is not necessarily indicative of future results.

CFTC RULE 4.41 – HYPOTHETICAL OR SIMULATED PERFORMANCE RESULTS HAVE CERTAIN LIMITATIONS. UNLIKE AN ACTUAL PERFORMANCE RECORD, SIMULATED RESULTS DO NOT REPRESENT ACTUAL TRADING. ALSO, SINCE THE TRADES HAVE NOT BEEN EXECUTED, THE RESULTS MAY HAVE UNDER-OR-OVER COMPENSATED FOR THE IMPACT, IF ANY, OF CERTAIN MARKET FACTORS, SUCH AS LACK OF LIQUIDITY. SIMULATED TRADING PROGRAMS IN GENERAL ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO THE FACT THAT THEY ARE DESIGNED WITH THE BENEFIT OF HINDSIGHT. NO REPRESENTATION IS BEING MADE THAT ANY ACCOUNT WILL OR IS LIKELY TO ACHIEVE PROFIT OR LOSSES SIMILAR TO THOSE SHOWN

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